برنامه ریزی شهری

Constructing the sidewalks: municipal government

and the production of public space in Los Angeles,

2000 Lakeshore Drive, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA

Box 951656, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1656, USA

Abstract

The process of creating public spaces has been one of defining what constitutes public activities and how they

can occur. This was as true for the sidewalks as for spaces such as the roadbed, parks and markets. The sidewalks

in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were used for commercial, political and social activities.

During this period, the Los Angeles municipal government and urban residents constructed hundreds of

miles of sidewalks along with other street improvements. In response to differing claims to the sidewalks and

varying interests in the purpose of the streets, the city began to emphasize pedestrian circulation and through its

process, the pedestrian was defined as the public for which the sidewalks were provided. As sidewalks were legally

defined as public ways, the more clearly and narrowly the notion of the public was construed, and fewer

activities had guaranteed access. In this paper, we explore different types of claims to sidewalks in the late nineteenth

and early twentieth century.We discuss sidewalk provision, abutters’ use and responsibility, and the regulation

of commercial and speech activities. The examination of municipal response to conflicting demands by

property owners,merchants, political and charitable organizations, and other interested parties about sidewalk

use helps us to better understand the process by which public space and public activities were defined.

* Corresponding author.

doi:10.1016/j.jhg.2005.08.001

www.elsevier.com/locate/jhg